Data

A PUMA splitting across two commuting zones with allocation factors of 0.692 and 0.308

PUMA-to-Commuting-Zone Crosswalks

Commuting zones are the standard unit for studying local labor markets, but public microdata does not identify them, and the published crosswalks stop at PUMA 2010 — leaving the 2022–2024 ACS without a mapping. Six crosswalks covering PUMA vintages 1990 through 2020 against both CZ 1990 and CZ 2020, with construction code and a methodology appendix. CC BY 4.0.

  mengsong-econ/puma-cz-crosswalk

Cite

Song, M. (2026). The future of work: Remote opportunities and female labor force participation. Journal of Public Economics (conditionally accepted).

Map of the United States shading 242 metropolitan areas by pre-pandemic work-from-home exposure

Work-from-Home Exposure, MSA Level

A stable, time-invariant measure of work-from-home potential for each MSA during the pre-pandemic period: the weighted average teleworkability score across occupations, weighted by each occupation's share of local employment. 242 MSAs, pre-period 2012–2019.

Teleworkability scores from Dingel and Neiman (2020). Documented in the paper.

Cite

Song, M. (2026). The future of work: Remote opportunities and female labor force participation. Journal of Public Economics (conditionally accepted).